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SPINACH HARVEST

You could call this a "hands-on" harvest.  These workers, on their knees,  can grasp a handful of spinach, cut it,  bundle it up, tie it, and lay it on the bed, perfect every time, and then It's boxed, loaded on a trailer and sent to a cooler to be hydro-cooled to 34 degrees, and shipped to market.

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“NCBA Releases Responses to Audit”

The National Cattlemen’s Beef Association has released a 27-page response to the Cattlemen’s Beef Promotion and Research Board audit and independent accountant’s report critical of the way NCBA expenses are charged as beef checkoff activities. According to the report - the audit was performed to assist the Board in determining that the salary and wages, disbursements and other charges selected for testing are in compliance with the Beef Promotion and Research Act of 1985 and the Beef Promotion and Research Order and the contract between NCBA and the Beef Promotion Operating Committee.

In the NCBA report - the organization’s leaders addressed each discrepancy. Here is a sampling. One of the problems cited was expenses for three employees to attend the NCBA Charity Golf Tournament. In submitting their expenses neither participant charged their expenses to the same account. The report also noted seven invoices totaling nearly 188-thousand dollars that were not paid timely. Payments ranged from two to twelve days late.

A question that came out of the audit was spouse and family travel. The NCBA response stated historically - an officer dinner with spouses at the annual industry meeting has not been an issue. Currently - CBB guidelines for contractors and NCBA policies do not prohibit spousal travel expenses - but we will meet with CBB to establish a guideline.


“Checkoff Guidelines Needed”

Working through the NCBA response to the CBB audit - one quickly sees that work needs to be done to address the problems identified by the report with guidelines to address each issue. And in some cases - it will be necessary to review existing guidelines and change them to better address each issue. Also - guidelines for establishing a paper trail before an event is incurred will likely be of help.

The report also addresses time reporting. Often times - trips are used to address several issues covered by different divisions of NCBA. The report detailed 25 instances in which auditors were unable to determine if time was properly recorded. Once again -  NCBA says the independent accountant was unable to reach a conclusion on these items in large part due to a lack of detailed checkoff guidelines.


“Others Watching NCBA Situation”

Several agricultural and livestock organizations are closely watching the NCBA situation. National Farmers Union President Roger Johnson notes an appropriate checkoff program with the right financial, operational and governance structure is important for everyone. Johnson says his organization commends the CBB for assisting in the audit and pushing for further evaluation, with a more comprehensive compliance review.

In a joint letter - five agricultural and livestock groups addressed the CBB audit and indicators that NCBA has substantially breached the financial firewall and did not maintain sufficient documentation differentiating between the policy and checkoff sides of the organization.

NFU is continuing dialogue with NCBA, CBB and other agricultural and livestock leaders to ensure producers benefit from a revised checkoff program.

 

WANT TO GET IN ON THE CRP?????

VISIT: http://www.fsa.usda.gov/crp


Silverado and Silverado HD

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“Estate Tax Remains Outside of Bill Considerations”

Senate Republicans stood against Democrats Thursday by voting against a motion to limit debate on a substitute amendment to the small business bill. Republicans complained that they were not given a fair chance to get votes on five amendments - including one on the estate tax.

Still - Minority Leader Mitch McConnell says we’re getting closer. He predicted a chance of significant progress very soon. But Majority Leader Harry Reid remains frustrated. Reid accused the Republicans of not wanting an agreement. Democrats and President Obama continue to urge the Senate to act quickly.

The measure pending before the Senate would create a 30-billion dollar small business lending fund, extend 12-billion in tax breaks and enhance federal programs designed to help small businesses.


“Lincoln's Ag Disaster Money Dropped from Senate Bill;

Will Come from USDA Instead”

Senate Ag Committee Chairman Blanche Lincoln pulled her 1.5-billion dollar ag disaster provision from the pending Small Business Jobs bill on Thursday after the Obama administration agreed to take money from existing programs to fund the payments to eligible farmers and ranchers. Lincoln told Agri-Pulse that while she firmly believes agricultural producers are rural small businesses - it was clear the Republicans pulled out all the stops to block her legislation.

In exchange for pulling ag disaster from the small business bill - she says she secured an agreement from both Majority Leader Reid and White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel - and have their commitment to deliver critical agriculture disaster assistance administratively in the next two weeks. Lincoln declined to say where the money would be taken from. She simply told Agri-Pulse they’re looking and will find it.

The Arkansas Farm Bureau Federation said in an email to its members Thursday afternoon the payments for 2009 crop losses would be funded “directly from the USDA budget.”


“Senators Lincoln, Lugar: Child Nutrition Bill Needs Passage

 Before Programs Expire”

Senate Ag Committee Chairman Blanche Lincoln and Senator Richard Lugar were joined by four other Senators Thursday in urging passage of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act - a bill that will reauthorize child nutrition programs before they expire September 30th. Lincoln says the act will put the nation on a path to end childhood hunger and obesity and improve the health of the next generation of Americans. Lugar says food from child nutrition programs may provide the bulk of nutrition children from low-income homes receive during the day. Given the nation’s economic climate - he says the moment to pass the bill should be seized.

The legislation passed the Senate Ag Committee unanimously at the end of March. It provides the first non-inflationary increase in the Federal reimbursement rate for school lunch programs in nearly 40 years. The bill includes a provision requiring the Ag Secretary to establish national nutrition standards consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for all foods sold on school campuses throughout the school day.

Doctor Sandra Hassink - American Academy of Pediatrics Obesity Leadership Workgroup Chairman - says as a pediatrician who specializes in treating obesity – she’s pleading for the Senate to put her out of a job. Hassink says she would like nothing more than to have an empty clinic. If legislators miss the opportunity to pass the bill and improve programs - Senator Lincoln says the nation’s children will pay the price

 

“Senators Chambliss, Brownback Question USDA Budget”

Senate Ag Committee Ranking Member Saxby Chambliss and Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture Ranking Member Sam Brownback wrote a letter to Ag Secretary Tom Vilsack Wednesday urging USDA to take deficit reduction seriously. The Senators say they openly question why USDA would require flexibility from the Office of Management and Budget to cut mandatory farm safety net programs to meet discretionary funding reductions. They say honest budgeting requires discretionary savings come from reductions to discretionary programs - and they believe the President’s proposed budget for the 2012 fiscal year should be based on honest budgeting.

In their letter - Chambliss and Brownback note discretionary and mandatory programs in regard to USDA’s budget increased seven and 20-percent respectively over the previous two fiscal years. They state nutrition, feeding and food safety programs are significant portions of outlays for mandatory and discretionary accounts - but conservation, rural development and other discretionary functions received an approximated 15-percent increase this fiscal year compared to the previous one.

The Senators note farmers and ranchers need a level of certainty to operate. They say the time to examine and make changes to mandatory programs is during the upcoming reauthorization of the farm bill.


“EPA Rejects Climate Science as Flawed”

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has denied 10 petitions challenging its 2009 determination that climate change is real, is occurring due to emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities and threatens human health and the environment. EPA says the petitions to reconsider EPA’s Endangerment Finding are based on selectively edited, out-of-context data and a manufactured controversy - therefore providing no evidence to undermine their determination.

EPA Administrator Liza Jackson says defenders of the status quo will try to slow EPA’s efforts to get America running on clean energy. She says a better solution would be to join the vast majority of the American people who want to see more green jobs, more clean energy innovation and an end to the oil addiction that pollutes the planet and jeopardizes our national security.

EPA says the global warming trend over the past 100 years is confirmed by three separate records of surface temperature - all of which are confirmed by satellite data. Beyond this - evidence of climate change is seen in melting ice in the Arctic, melting glaciers around the world, increasing ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, shifting precipitation patterns and changing ecosystems and wildlife habitats.


“NFU Joins Ag Groups Supporting, Urging Senate Inclusion of RES”

The Senate’s pending energy legislation doesn’t include a Renewable Electricity Standard that would provide significant opportunity for investment in ag and rural communities according to National Farmers Union President Roger Johnson. NFU supports an RES and wrote to Senate leadership with other ag groups about the critical importance of including a 25-percent RES as the Senate considers the energy legislation.

Johnson says the coalition is disappointed with Majority Leader Harry Reid’s omission of an RES from the legislation - saying including the provisions will help America’s drive toward energy independence, reinvigorate rural communities through job growth and income generation for ag.

Johnson states America’s farmers and ranchers support the opportunity to increase energy production under an RES and the Senate should have an opportunity to vote for it.

      

         www.zimmatic.com

 

“New York Times Fails, Mischaracterizes Fueling Freedom Plan”

Growth Energy CEO Tom Buis says Thursday’s Editorial titled Energy Subsidies, Good and Bad in the New York Times misrepresents the company’s proposal to open the U.S. transportation fuels market and fails to acknowledge the technological advancements that have made ethanol production cleaner and more efficient. Buis says the editorial doesn’t correctly signify Growth Energy’s Fueling Freedom Plan - which would redirect the current blender’s tax credit to support the build-out of the distribution infrastructure to give Americans a true choice of fuels at the pump.

Buis states the editorial mistakenly claims demand for ethanol will plow under more grasslands or forests. He says U.S. farmers produced a record corn crop on seven-million fewer acres last year than the previous record year - proving farm efficiencies and technology are helping produce even greater yields from fewer acres. Buis says the New York Times opinion fails to reflect the facts about modern American agriculture, its productivity and advancements in technology.


“ASA’s Steps to Doubling Exports by 2015”

The American Soybean Association announced this week key steps it believes will help meet President Obama’s National Export Initiative goal of doubling exports in the next five years. Some of those key steps include approving the pending Free Trade Agreements with Colombia, South Korea and Panama and negotiating new FTAs with countries that have the potential to expand imports of U.S. products - among other things. However – the group says approving the pending deals is the most important step. ASA President Rob Joslin says the rest of the world is moving forward rapidly to expand bilateral trade while the U.S. is at a virtual standstill. He says that must change quickly if the NEI is to have a chance to succeed.

The U.S. has lost market share in Colombia and Panama due to delays in approving the FTAs. U.S. soy and livestock product exports declined 34-percent in Colombia and 6.9-percent in Panama. Joslin says soybeans and soybean products are the most important U.S. export commodity - with export sales exceeding 21-billion dollars last year. Those exports represented more than 50-percent of U.S. soybean production and 21-percent of total U.S. ag exports in 2009.

In order to move forward on the NEI agenda - Joslin says the Administration needs to reach consensus with Congress on the scope of FTAs and the priority of approving the concluded agreements as soon as possible.


“Health Care Legislation Provisions Analyzed in Center for Rural Affairs Report”

The Center for Rural Affairs will release its second policy report in a series of reports examining the health care reform’s impact on rural America - titled Health Care Reform, What’s In It - on August 4th. The report examines important, beneficial provisions of the legislation. The report’s author - Center for Rural Affairs Research Director Jon Bailey - says much of the attention to the new federal health care law was paid to the politically volatile insurance coverage provisions. But he says an important part of the law received little attention - the portions concerning quality health care access.

Access issues are serious health challenges in most of rural America according to Bailey. He says the new law provides numerous opportunities for rural areas to increase all medical professions and stabilize their medical delivery system. The provisions also have the potential to aid the economies of many rural communities - Bailey says - as new and improved medical facilities and more health care professionals in rural communities will afford more jobs, more income and more economic opportunity in those communities. He states rural families, businesses and communities have a lot to gain from health care reform as it passed both the House and Senate - and much to lose if government fails to properly implement of Congress fails to adequately fund the provisions crucial to improving rural health care access.

Those provisions - highlighted in Bailey’s report - include funding opportunities for the training and education of rural physic8ians and expansion of other medical professionals; recruitment of young rural students for health care careers; expansion of medical care facilities in rural areas; improving Emergency medical services; and healthier eating and living initiatives and earlier access to primary care providers for disease prevention. He says they are long-term solutions to a significant challenge to rural health care - but they must become priorities for the Administration, Congress, state governments and all rural people for them to work.


 

DOW CHEMICAL - RALLY FUNGICIDE

http://www.dowagro.com/usag/prod/073.htm

 

“Pioneer Agronomists Say Look Out for Foliar Diseases”

Pioneer Hi-Bred experts are suggesting scouting fields and then evaluating whether a foliar fungicide application offers benefits because of the wet, humid weather conditions causing risk of foliar disease in fields on top of extra disease inoculums from wet and cool conditions in 2008 and 2009. The conditions in those growing seasons allowed many disease inoculums to survive on field residue - corn-on-corn fields especially - and caused disease pressure to increase this growing season. Pioneer Technical Services Manager Brent Wilson says disease pressure varies from field to field - but foliar diseases are conducive to wet growing conditions.

Wilson says the window to see the greatest return from a fungicide application is rapidly closing as the corn crop and disease cycle progresses - and fields with high disease pressure could still see a return on a fungicide investment. He says hybrids with high tolerance will likely withstand any yield impact to foliar diseases. Fungicides potentially offer positive outcomes - but deciding to apply fungicides should be something growers assess on a field-by-field basis - according to Wilson. It’s imperative to apply fungicide at the right time - and the right time is during tasseling when spraying.

Wilson says corn planted in mid-April is near the end of the application window - but it’s a good time to evaluate and take note of fields impacted by foliar diseases for the crop in the ground and assessing hybrid performance for next year’s seed purchase decisions. For more information on foliar fungicide applications or hybrid tolerance ratings - contact your local agronomist or sales professional.


“New Beef Resource Organization Formed With Purpose to Spread Facts”

Beef industry leaders at the Cattle Industry Summer Conference learned about the Sustainable Beef Resource Center and its goal to provide useful, science-based information to the food chain. SBRC Chairman Paul Parker says SBRC members see the organization’s role as that of a go-to resource for associations, coalitions, academia and other industry stakeholders - which allows the organization to zero-in on research that can fill information gaps as the industry improves its ability to produce safe, wholesome, affordable beef while using fewer natural resources.

The SBRC was formed because beef producers and branded-beef marketers recognized the need for a centralized source of facts about technologies used in sustainable beef production. Iowa Beef Industry Council Executive Director Nancy Degner says SBRC materials are so valuable in ongoing education about beef’s role in a healthy, affordable diet. SBRC invites other organizations and individuals to join its membership.

Anyone can visit www dot Sustainable Beef dot org (
www.SustainableBeef.org) for more information on the organization, beef-production facts and talking points about the environmental and economic benefits of beef technologies.


“Mandatory Price Reporting Bill Passes House Ag Committee”

The House Agriculture Committee recently approved three bills including the Mandatory Price Reporting Act of 2010. The bill reauthorizes mandatory price reporting for five years. It also adds mandatory reporting for wholesale pork cuts and electronic reporting for dairy products. House Ag Committee Chairman Collin Peterson says mandatory price reporting ensures that producers have access to transparent, accurate and timely market information that helps them make the best decisions for their business.

The committee also passed the Veterinary Services Investment Act which establishes a competitive grant program to support efforts to increase access to veterinary care in underserved areas. Chairman Peterson points out that right now - the United States is experiencing an alarming shortage of large animal veterinarians who are the first line of defense against animal disease and play an essential role in ensuring food safety.

Also passed was the Chesapeake Bay Restoration and Improvement Act. The bill will give farmers and ranchers in the Chesapeake Bay region additional tools to help them meet regulatory requirements imposed on them by the Environmental Protection Agency. Peterson says Chesapeake Bay producers face some of the most stringent environmental regulations in the country - and this bill provides them with resources and certainty as they address environmental requirements and work to improve water quality and wildlife habitat in the region.

Join us in Monterey

Please plan on joining us at California Farm Bureau Federation's 92nd Annual Meeting, which will be held December 4-8, 2010, in beautiful Monterey.

This year's meeting will feature our traditional events such as the YF&R Discussion Meet and breakout sessions, as well as the return of our trade show and the Rabobank Cash Cow "Cash and Dash" event.

There will be many exciting speakers and events. Speakers include Willie Brown, former mayor of San Francisco, and Levy Randolph, current National FFA president. Events range from unique breakout sessions to a Central Coast Reception and Dinner.

We hope you will join us for another exciting Annual Meeting and to see what Monterey and Farm Bureau have to offer. Registration opens in early September.

“Eat Up: White Button Mushrooms Enhance Immune System”

Agricultural Research Service scientists have conducted animal-model and cell-culture studies showing white button mushrooms enhance the activity of critical cells in our immune systems. The mushrooms may actually promote immune function by increasing production of antiviral proteins released by cells when trying to protect and repair tissue. The mushrooms enhanced maturity of immune system cells that make important white blood cells that can recognize and destroy antigens on invading bacteria. Ninety-percent of the mushrooms consumed in the U.S. are actually white button mushrooms. The study appeared in a 2008 issue of the Journal of Nutrition.
Read more by scrolling down to the first story under Research In Agriculture:

 

AgCareers.com /AG JOBS
  July 29 & 30 2010
 

http://www.agcareers.com/newsletters/agcareers_weekly.htm  

 

IF YOU ARE, OR YOU KNOW OF SOMEONE UNEMPLOYED AND

 STRUGGLING WITH  HOME PAYMENTS,

VISIT THIS WEBSITE FOR HELP FROM THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE:

http://www.makinghomeaffordable.gov


 

LIVESTOCK NEWS

 

Quotes | Weather | Video

 
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Megan Pierce Headshot
Megan Pierce
Assoc. Editor
Dairy Herd
Management
 

Raw Milk

 The Wonder Tonic?

The debate on the sale of raw milk continues across the country. Recent raids on raw milk clubs in California and in Minnesota continue to add fuel to the fire.
More...



 

 

Hog Futures Near 5-Week High As Packers Cut Slaughter, Pork Dwindles

Hog futures in Chicago jumped near a five-week high amid dwindling pork supplies that have sent grocery store bacon prices to record levels. More...

 

Micheli's Family Ranch Received Federal Subsidies

Republican gubernatorial candidate Ron Micheli's family ranch has received over $132,000 in federal agricultural payments in recent years, according to an environmental group's database.
More...

Immigration Ruling Could Send Message To States

States that had been watching Arizona's immigration law in hopes of copying it received a rude awakening when a judge put most of the measure on hold and agreed with the Obama administration's core argument that immigration enforcement is the role of the federal government.
More...

Cow Death Prompts Call For Emergency Protocol

In response to the tragic July 27 shooting death of a cow at the California State Fair, David Wilson is calling for a complete review of animal use and handling procedures for all animals intended for public exhibition at the state fair. More...

Schwarzenegger Vetoes Farmworker Overtime Bill

Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed a bill Wednesday that would have given California farmworkers overtime pay after working 40 hours in a week, the same as other non-management employees who earn time-and-a-half after an eight-hour day or 40-hour week.
More...

Schwieterman: Downward Correction Likely For Feeder Cattle, Corn Demand Rising

Feeder cattle futures closed mixed on Wednesday, with losses in the front two months and modest gains in deferred contracts. The close was considered constructive in the face of double digit gains in the corn futures. More...

Video

 

Flooding Claims Dozens Of Rancher's Cows

A Starr County rancher is counting his losses. More than half of his cattle herd drowned in floodwaters.
More...

 

Spot Prices

Name

Today

Previous

Chart

Live Cattle

92.78

92.65

Chart

Feeder Cattle

114.53

114.90

Chart

Corn

3.76

3.63

Chart

Est. Livestock Slaughter

130,000

125,000

Chart

Boxed Beef – Choice

154.70

155.23

Chart

Boxed Beef - Select

146.34

145.73

Chart

Boxed Beef –C/S Spread

8.36

9.50

Chart

Total Beef Loads

222

182

Chart

Daily Drop

10.60

10.55

Chart

Cutter Cow Cutout

131.01

132.98

Chart


Source: USDA Livestock and Grain Market News

 

Reports

Beef Sales Down 23 Percent

Net sales of 12,800 MT were down 23 percent from the previous week, but up 8 percent from the prior 4-week average.
More...

Weather

 

Wildfire Threat High In West, Storms Possible On Plains

In the West, isolated showers are mostly confined to Arizona and Utah. Cool weather prevails along the immediate Pacific Coast, but hot weather elsewhere in the West favors rapid crop development. Wildfires remain a threat in parts of California and the Great Basin.
More...

 

Find your local weather

 

 

               DTN AG NEWSLINE

DAY, JULY 29th, 2010

Today marks the birthday of a man who changed the face of American industry. Henry Ford was born in 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan. He built his first automobile in 1896 and in 1908, introduced the Model T, an immediate hit which literally put America on wheels. To meet demand, Ford developed the assembly line, which cut the time to build each car from over 12 hours to just 90 minutes. At one point, half of all the cars in America were Model Ts -- all of them painted black -- which sold for as little as $300. Today, the average cost of a new car at one of the nation's 20,000 dealerships is just over $23,000. www.census.gov

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THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING U.S. AGRICULTURE. 

WANT ONE OR MORE????  WE'LL SEND THEM BY MAIL, FREE.  CONTACT:

  ggatley@sprynet.com

WE ARE TEMPORARILY OUT OF THESE, BUT THE PRINTERS WILL SOON REFRESH US WITH A LARGE SUIPPLY.

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RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURE

 

 

 

Photo: ARS nutritional immunologists Simin Meydani (left) and Dayong Wu review data generated from a gamma counter. Link to photo information
White button mushrooms were shown to enhance the activity of critical cells in the body's immune system by ARS nutritional immunologists Simin Meydani (left) and Dayong Wu. Click the image for more information about it.

 

Researchers Study Benefits of

White Button Mushrooms

Mushrooms are among the many foods thought to play an important role in keeping the immune system healthy. Now, Agricultural Research Service (ARS)-funded scientists have conducted an animal-model and cell-culture study showing that white button mushrooms enhanced the activity of critical cells in the body's immune system. In the United States, white button mushrooms represent 90 percent of the total mushrooms consumed.

The study was conducted at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University by center director Simin Meydani, colleague Dayong Wu, and others. The results suggest that white button mushrooms may promote immune function by increasing production of antiviral and other proteins that are released by cells while seeking to protect and repair tissue.

Wu and co-investigators are with the HNRCA Nutritional Immunology Laboratory in Boston, Mass. The study's cell-culture phase showed that white button mushrooms enhanced the maturity of immune system cells called "dendritic cells," from bone marrow. Dendritic cells can make T cells-important white blood cells that can recognize and eventually deactivate or destroy antigens on invading microbes.

When immune system cells are exposed to disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, the body begins to increase the number and function of immune system cells, according to Meydani. People need an adequate supply of nutrients to produce an adequate defense against the pathogen. The key is to prevent deficiencies that can compromise the immune system.

The study appears in a 2008 issue of The Journal of Nutrition.

Read more about this and other research related to improving health through nutrition in the July 2010 issue of Agricultural Research magazine, available online at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jul10/immunity0710.htm.

ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

 

Healthy Animals icon: Link to new issue.
 

 

New Issue of Healthy Animals Now Online

The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) today posted a new issue of Healthy Animals. This quarterly online newsletter compiles ARS news and expert resources on the health and well-being of agricultural livestock, poultry and fish.
 

Each quarter, one article in Healthy Animals focuses on a particular element of ARS animal research. The current issue discusses ARS research on ways to help cattle producers protect their animals against heat stress.

Research highlighted in this issue includes:

● ARS findings that coat color, wind speed, access to shade and breed could influence the animal's physical response to heat.

● A model that predicts when environmental conditions are ripe for heat stress in livestock, and presents the information in an easy-to-read, color-coded map.

● Findings that solar-radiation-blocking polyethylene cloths are an effective way to reduce stress-related losses.

Professionals interested in animal health issues might want to bookmark the site as a resource for locating animal health experts. An index lists ARS research locations covering 70 animal health topics. These range from specific diseases, such as Lyme disease to broad subjects such as nutrition or parasites.

The site also provides complete contact information for the 25 ARS research groups that conduct studies aimed at protecting and improving farm animal health.

To receive an email alert about each issue's online posting, contact Chris Guy, ARS Information Staff, or sign up on line.

ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
 

Photo: ARS molecular biologist Christian Tobias samples switchgrass plants. Link to photo information
ARS molecular biologist Christian Tobias and his colleagues have published the genetic map for switchgrass, a tool that may speed up development of this native perennial prairie grass as a source of biofuel. Click the image for more information about it.

 

A New Tool for Improving Switchgrass

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have developed a new tool for deciphering the genetics of a native prairie grass being widely studied for its potential as a biofuel. The genetic map of switchgrass, published by Christian Tobias, a molecular biologist at the ARS Western Regional Research Center in Albany, Calif., and his colleagues, is expected to speed up the search for genes that will make the perennial plant a more viable source of bioenergy.

Switchgrass is now grown as a cattle feed and to restore depleted soils. But interest in using it as a biofuel has intensified in recent years because it can be burned to produce electricity and, like corn stalks, can be converted to ethanol. It also grows on marginal lands, is adaptable to different regions, and—as a perennial—does not need to be replanted each year, which means lower energy costs and less runoff.

To assemble the genetic map, the team crossed a commercial variety of switchgrass known as Kanlow with an ARS-developed variety known as Alamo to produce 238 plants. They extracted DNA from that population and assembled a map based on more than 1,000 genetic markers that could each be attributed to one parent or the other.

The map divides the switchgrass genome into 18 distinct groups of genes linked together on the same strand of DNA. The results were recently published in the journal Genetics.

The work is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture, as part of the joint USDA-DOE Plant Feedstock Genomics for Bioenergy Program.

Understanding the genetic composition of switchgrass could produce big rewards. To make switchgrass more commercially viable as a biofuel, scientists are searching for ways to increase yields and make it easier to break down the plant cell walls, an essential step in producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass.

The genetic map could lead to genes associated with cell wall composition, crop yields and other useful traits. Scientists will be able to use the genetic map to compare the genetic profile of switchgrass to that of rice, sorghum and other plants with better understood genomes and find analogues to genes linked to specific traits in those crops.

ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of USDA. The work supports the USDA priority of developing new sources of bioenergy.

 

Photo: Cyclamen on the left has been treated with thidiazuron and the leaves and flowers look better. Link to photo information
Scientists have found that spraying low concentrations of the compound thidiazuron can significantly extend the life of some potted plants' leaves and flowers such as the treated cyclamen on the left. Click the image for more information about it.

Longer-Lasting Flowers: Fresh Ideas

 from ARS Researchers

Tomorrow's fragrant bouquets and colorful potted plants might last longer, thanks to floriculture research by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) plant physiologist Cai-Zhong Jiang. His investigations might help boost the vase life of favorite cut flowers and shelf life of prized potted plants.

Jiang is with the ARS Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit at Davis, Calif. He's collaborating with researchers from the University of California-Davis (UCD) and elsewhere.

In ongoing studies, Jiang, UCD colleague Michael S. Reid and co-researchers have shown that spraying low concentrations of a compound known as thidiazuron (TDZ) has significant, sometimes spectacular effects in extending the life of potted plants' leaves and flowers. For example, in tests with greenhouse-grown cyclamen plants, TDZ-treated plants had a significantly longer life than did unsprayed plants, according to Jiang. Leaves of TDZ-treated cyclamen plants took longer to yellow and fall off than those of untreated plants.

TDZ, a synthetic version of a naturally occurring plant compound known as a cytokinin, is not new. But preliminary studies with cut flowers, reported by Reid and co-researchers in 2000, were the first to demonstrate the value of TDZ for a commercial floricultural species—in that case, alstroemeria. The cyclamen experiments conducted by Jiang and collaborators are the first to show the leaf-saving and blossom-boosting effects of TDZ with potted floricultural plants.

Jiang and colleagues reported some of their TDZ findings in Postharvest Biology and Technology earlier this year, and in Acta Horticulturae in 2009.

Though commercial use of TDZ on cut flowers and potted plants seems promising, the researchers' deeper interest lies in determining precisely how TDZ affects genes and proteins inside the plants.

Read more about this research in the April 2010 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.

ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's principal intramural scientific research agency

 

Photo: Filter sock filtering runoff before the water goes down a storm drain.
ARS scientists and their collaborators found a way to improve the ability of compost filled mesh tubes called filter socks to remove silt, heavy metals, fertilizers and petroleum products from storm water runoff by adding flocculation agents. Photo courtesy of Filtrexx International.

 

"Super Socks" Help Stem Pollution

 Runoff

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists and their collaborators have improved on an existing method for removing contaminants from storm water runoff. These findings could provide surface waters additional protection against runoff containing pollutants from point sources such as construction sites, storm waters and other urban landscapes.

"Filter socks" containing compost tucked into mesh tubes are used to capture some of the silt, heavy metals, fertilizers and petroleum products washed from compacted surface areas into nearby streams and rivers.

A group of scientists from the ARS Animal and Natural Resources Institute in Beltsville, Md., teamed with researchers from Filtrexx International, which manufactures the socks, to see if adding flocculation agents to the socks improved their performance. The ARS team included agronomist Eton Codling, microbiologist Dan Shelton and soil scientists Yakov Pachepsky and Ali Sadeghi. Their Filtrexx International partners were Britt Faucette and Fatima Cardoso-Gendreau.

Wastewater treatment plants use flocculation agents to help sediments and pollutants form clumps large enough to be filtered out of the water, even when the substances are in a dissolved state. The team added flocculation agents to compost socks and then ran laboratory tests to see how well the socks trapped sediment, coliforms, nitrates, E. coli bacteria, heavy metals and petroleum products in runoff after simulated "rain events."

The scientists found that compost socks alone removed the majority of clay and silt particles that contribute to suspended solids in surface waters. The socks also removed 17 percent of ammonium nitrogen, 75 percent of E. coli bacteria, and from 37 percent to 72 percent of the heavy metals. In addition, runoff levels of diesel fuel dropped 99 percent, levels of motor oil dropped 84 percent, and gasoline levels dropped 43 percent.

However, socks with flocculation agents removed even more of the pollutants from runoff, including 27 percent of the ammonium nitrogen, 99 percent of E. coli bacteria, 99 percent of the motor oil, 54 percent of the gasoline and from 47 percent to 74 percent of the heavy metals.

Results from this research were published in the Journal of Environmental Quality.

ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

 

Photo: Blood sugar meter.
ARS research physiologist Sean H. Adams has developed new information about how natural compounds in the body called fatty acylcarnitines may serve as early biomarkers for emerging type 2 diabetes. Photo courtesy of Microsoft clipart.

 

Potential Indicators of Type 2 Diabetes

 Investigated

Though you may not have type 2 diabetes, you probably know someone who does. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) research physiologist Sean H. Adams is conducting studies to discover more about this complex disorder and especially to determine how better nutrition and regular physical activity might help prevent it.

Some of these investigations are yielding new indicators, called "biomarkers," of the disease. In time, physicians and other healthcare professionals might be able to use these indicators to identify, at an earlier stage, the children and adults who are at risk for developing this type of diabetes.

Also, nutrition scientists would be able to use the markers to monitor the progress of experimental nutrition- and exercise-based strategies designed for prevention.

One investigation led by Adams underscores the potential of natural compounds in the body, known as "fatty acylcarnitines," to serve as diabetes biomarkers. The scientists determined this after searching for telltale molecules in blood samples from diabetic and nondiabetic African-American women who volunteered for the research.

In some instances, levels of certain fatty acylcarnitines were almost 300 percent higher in the diabetic volunteers than in those without the disease. Apparently, the higher levels result from incomplete or inefficient oxidation of fat in the diabetic women, according to Adams. He's with the ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center in Davis, Calif.

Incomplete oxidation of fats has already been associated with insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. However, the study that Adams led adds detail to what he describes as the emerging picture of abnormal fatty acylcarnitine levels in blood as potential biomarkers of type 2 diabetes. The scientists documented their findings in a 2009 issue of the Journal of Nutrition.

Adams collaborated in the research with Daniel H. Hwang and John W. Newman at the center, and with co-investigators at the University of Alabama-Birmingham and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.

ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

 

Photo: Link to photo information
ARS scientists have developed a more efficient way to produce Atlantic salmon that are sterile so they grow faster and cannot interbreed with wild salmon. Click the image for more information about it.

Better Control of Reproduction

in Trout and Salmon

May be in Aquaculture's Future

Fast-growing farm-raised salmon and trout that are sterile can now be produced using a method developed by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists. Blocking reproduction can enhance growth, and is important for fish being reared in situations where reproduction is undesirable.

The method allows researchers to more efficiently and reliably produce fish that have three sets of chromosomes, instead of the usual two sets. Fish with the extra set of chromosomes can't reproduce, so the energy from the food they eat is shifted from reproduction to growth. Also, cultured fish that are not capable of breeding with native populations can be stocked in natural waters.

Bigger fish for consumers and sterile fish for producers and anglers are the goals of ARS scientists who are working with the aquaculture industry on genetic methods to more efficiently produce fish that grow faster on less feed and can't reproduce in the wild.

William K. Hershberger, former research leader at the ARS National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture (NCCCWA) in Leetown, W.Va., and NCCCWA biologist Mark Hostuttler investigated the earliest stages of fish development, from fertilized egg to the two-cell stage, and developed a more effective way to produce rainbow trout that have four sets of chromosomes. Those trout are then crossed with typical fish that have two chromosome sets, yielding offspring that have the desired three sets of chromosomes.

Now, ARS fish physiologist Gregory Weber and Hostuttler have improved on that method, and preliminary studies have expanded its application to Atlantic salmon, brook trout and brown trout. They are also in the process of breeding these fish for experiments that will determine whether these three-chromosome-set fish are good performers in terms of production traits such as growth to market size, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

Additionally, Weber and Hostuttler have developed a way to validate chromosome status on 20 fish at a time, instead of just one.

ARS is the primary intramural scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The research supports the USDA priority of promoting international food security.